COURSE DESCRIPTION

This graduate seminar focuses on the ongoing process of regional integration, with particular emphasis on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Topics include: multilateralism versus regionalism in the global economy, regional integration theory, the political economy of NAFTA, the NAFTA text and side agreements, economic impacts of NAFTA, roles played by multinational enterprises in the regional integration process, impacts of NAFTA on selected industries including the auto sector, NAFTA dispute settlement mechanisms, and the movement towards a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Comparisons are made with regional integration processes in South America (MERCOSUR) and Europe (the European Union).
 

COURSE PREREQUISITES

Graduate standing at Texas A&M University.
 

CAREER FOCUS

This course is designed for graduate students who want a seminar course specializing in the regional integration process in the Americas. The course will be helpful for students who are pursuing academic careers in business-government relations, government policy and/or international business. Students from a broad variety of backgrounds (public administration, international business, economics, political science, agricultural economics, sociology, history) take this course to enhance their employment opportunities both inside and outside the United States. This course is also the required gateway course into the International Affairs track in the Masters in Public Administration and Service degree program in the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University.
 

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

The main content objective for this course is that students be familiar with the principal business, economic and political issues surrounding the regional integration process in the Americas. This includes the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA, MERCOSUR and the FTAA. Students will have a complete overview of NAFTA and its side accords, and have studied several chapters in some depth. They will understand the regional integration process from the perspectives of individual countries (members and potential members) and actors (e.g. governments, multinational enterprises, labor, consumers). Students will have a thorough understanding of how regional integration is affecting domestic and multinational firms and industries throughout the hemisphere. Students will also be exposed to other international trade arrangements (e.g., the GATT and the World Trade Organization, the European Union and the introduction of a common currency).

The key process objective for this course is that students have the opportunity to interact with, and learn from, students in the other NAFTA member countries. This semester, TAMU students will study and work with students at ITAM (Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico) through video-teleconferencing, e-mail and the World Wide Web. Two process objectives related to the first objective are (1) to improve students' facility with information technologies (both equipment and software) and (2) to improve student skills at working in small groups (both local and international).
 

COURSE FORMAT

This semester, the course will be offered as a bilateral graduate seminar, linking Texas A&M University with the Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico through long-distance video teleconferencing. In Mexico, "Curso del TLCAN (Trilateral Free Trade Agreement)" will be offered by the Division Academica de Administracion y Contaduria Publica (Administration and Public Policy) as part of the MBA and MPP programs at the Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM) in Mexico City. Fifth year students in the Bachelors in International Relations (BIR) program will also be taking the course. The instructor is Prof. M. Isabel Studer, Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, ITAM (email: mstuder@eniac.rhon.itam.mx).

Class will begin promptly at 6:10 p.m. The amount of time we use the video-conference link will vary slightly from class to class. While we will be "on-line" occasionally for the full three hour class (this will be specified below), the more usual format will be for the TAMU class to meet alone from 6:10 to 7:15 p.m. to analyze the week's topic and prepare for the bilateral session. We will take a quick break from 7:15 to 7:30 and then go on line from 7:30 to 8:30. We will then have a short period to wrap up the class and look after any necessary housekeeping issues, finishing the class by 9:00 p.m.

We will use several different distance learning techniques throughout the semester, such as video-teleconferencing classes, e-mail, desktop video & audio equipment, and a NAFTA WWW site. For several classes (see the Timetable) we will use video-conferencing to link Texas A&M with the ITAM site. The class will normally meet in 101 Wehner; however, from time to time we may shift to the distance learning classroom in the Bush School, Academic Building West, or to the seminar room WCBA 427. Changes in the classroom location will be announced in advance and posted on the website.

From time to time we will have guests in the seminar in one or all of the locations. At TAMU, these will be either TAMU faculty or policy makers with experience in the topic under discussion that week. Similarly, the ITAM location will have visiting speakers and faculty acting as resource persons. In addition, we may show video clips of visiting speakers to last year's trilateral NAFTA course. Copies of these videos will be available for check-out in the library.

Some of the class assignments will be done in groups of two to three students, either locally or together with an equivalent number of ITAM students. Each group will post their assignments on a class website (NAFTAWEB) maintained at Texas A&M University. Students are expected to access the website regularly as it will be the main method of providing course information. Study questions, information on the assignments, lists of WWW sites on particular topics, etc, will be available on this website. In addition, the website will grow over time as student group assignments are added to the site. The web address is http://mgmt.tamu.edu/mgmt.www/nafta.

Students are expected to come to class prepared. Students must prepare the required readings for each week prior to that class and come to class prepared to discuss these readings. Because the seminar format requires a focus on discussion rather than lectures, it is requisite that all students come to class prepared. Students are also expected to keep abreast of recent developments related to regional integration in the Americas by reading newspapers, magazines, periodicals, recent journal articles, etc, on NAFTA.
 

RECOMMENDED TEXTS

There are no required texts in this course. There are a number of books relevant to the course, which are available in the Economic & Policy Sciences (Bush School) Library, Academic Building West and/or in the West Campus Library. Students should have access to the full text of the NAFTA. Students can either purchase a copy of the text and side agreements, or they are available on the web (e.g., http://www.tradingfloor.com:80/nafta.htm). See NAFTAWEB for more details. Be sure to check the date of publication, as several versions are available.

Some recommended texts on NAFTA (the most comprehensive ones are starred) are listed below. Where possible, these will be placed on library reserve:

** US International Trade Commission. July 1997. The Impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the U.S. Economy and Industries: A Three Year Review. Washington, DC. No. 332-381. USITC publication 3045. Copies can be ordered free of charge from the USITC; the document is also available for downloading from the USITC website at http://www.usitc.gov/reports.htm under "General Fact-finding Reports"; then Search under "NAFTA". The address is Office of the Secretary, USITC, 500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436; phone 202-205-1809; fax 202-205-2104. This book is a detailed study, by industry, of the impacts of the NAFTA on the US economy. Students will find it helpful particularly for their industry assignment. One copy is on reserve in the Library.

** Barry Appleton. 1994. Navigating NAFTA: A Concise User's Guide to the North American Free Trade Agreement. Toronto: Carswell Publishing. This is a legal textbook, reviewing the NAFTA chapter by chapter in a short, succinct fashion. It is particularly helpful in terms of providing "snapshot" summaries of NAFTA chapters. Its limitation is that the book was published in 1994. For a succinct but comprehensive review of the NAFTA, this is probably the most useful book of the group.

Frederick M. Abbott. 1995. Law and Policy of Regional Integration: The NAFTA and Western Hemispheric Integration in the World Trade Organization System. Cambridge, MA: Kluwer Law International. Reviews the NAFTA as an international agreement in the context of the GATT, and as an regional trade area in the context of the European Union, Japan and the rest of the world. Less detailed than Appleton, but more focused on situating NAFTA in the international legal environment.

M. Delal Baer and Sidney Weintraub (Editor). 1994. The Nafta Debate : Grappling With Unconventional Trade Issues. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Stephen Blank and Jerry Haar. June 1998. Making Nafta Work : U.S. Firms and the New North American Business Environment . Lynne Rienner Publishers.

De Melo, Jaime and Arvind Panagariya (editors). 1996. New Dimensions in Regional Integration. Cambridge University Press.

Ali M. El-Agraa (editor). 1997. Economic Integration Worldwide, New York: St. Martin's Press.

** Ralph Folsom and W. Davis Folsom. 1996. Understanding NAFTA and its International Business Implications. Matthew Bender. Reprinted in 1997. A detailed analysis of the NAFTA, focusing on its historical, legal and business aspects. The NAFTA text is reproduced in the Appendix.

Leslie Alan Glick. 1994. Understanding the North American Free Trade Agreement. Cambridge, MA: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers. A legal summary of the NAFTA, but less technical and detailed than Appleton.

** Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott. 1993. NAFTA: An Assessment .Washington: Institute for International Economics. One of the most quoted books on the expected effects of the NAFTA on the US economy. Particularly useful is the appendix summarizing each chapter, and comparing the chapters to Hufbauer & Schott's recommendations.

Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott. 1994. Western Hemispheric Economic Integration. Washington: Institute for International Economics.

Jon Johnson. 1994. The North American Free Trade Agreement: A Comprehensive Guide. Toronto: Carswell Book Inc. A detailed analysis of the NAFTA, with particularly good emphasis on the rules of origin.

** Richard Lipsey, Daniel Schwanen and Ronald Wonnacott. 1994. The NAFTA: What's In, What's Out, What's Next? Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. A Canadian equivalent to Hufbauer & Schott. Well written and argued.

Richard G. Lipsey and Patricio Meller (editors). 1997. Western Hemisphere Trade Integration : A Canadian-Latin American Dialogue. International Political Economy Series. New York: St. Martins Press.

Mansfield, Edward D. and Helen V. Milner (editors). 1997. The Political Economy of Regionalism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Mayer, Frederick W. 1998. Interpreting NAFTA: The Science and Art of Political Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press. A scholarly analysis of the politics of NAFTA, using international relations theory to analyze the decision to negotiate, the actual negotiations and the politics of ratification.

OECD. 1996. Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, Paris: OECD.

William Orme, Jr. 1996. Understanding NAFTA: Mexico, Free Trade and the New North America. Austin: University of Texas Press. A nonacademic treatment of the NAFTA from the viewpoint of a journalist with 15 years experience in Latin America.

Sidney Weintraub. 1997. NAFTA At Three: A Progress Report. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). This paperback book can be ordered directly from CSIS; the address is 1800 K Street,NW, Washington, DC 20006. Phone 202-887-02090; fax 202-775-3199; email: info@csis.org; WWW-URL: http://www.csis.org. This little paperback focuses in particular on the trade and finance aspects of NAFTA as of 1997.

Sidney Weintraub (editor). 1994. Integrating the Americas: Shaping Future Trade Policy. University of Miami, North South Center Printing.

Sidney Weintraub. 1994. Nafta : What Comes Next? (The Washington Papers, Vol 166). Praeger Publishers.

Carol Wise (editor). October 1998. The Post-NAFTA Political Economy: Mexico and the Western Hemisphere. Pennsylvania State University.
 

EVALUATION AND ASSIGNMENTS 

Student participation	20
Group Assignment #1: NAFTA Briefing Note (February 3)	15
Group Assignment #2: NAFTA Industry Briefing Note (March 10)	25
Regional Integration Issues Briefing Note & Binder (April 28 & May 5)	35
Final Examination (May 7)	5

1. Student Participation............................. 20%

The participation grade will be based on attendance and oral and written participation during class. Quality is more important than quantity in terms of oral discussion. Class attendance will be recorded on a daily basis. Some examples of activities that will be counted as student participation are the following:

• •Each student is expected to provide a short (maximum one page) bio of him/herself (preferably with a photo) to the course webmaster ASAP, which will be placed on the course website. The bio should indicate something of the student's background, interests and career goals. The bio must be in HTML format.

• •Students are expected to come to class with three questions on each week's readings, designed to stimulate class discussion of the weekly topic. This includes bringing in three questions when the other students present their assignments and/or when there is a visiting speaker.
• •In the bilateral on-line sessions with the ITAM students, the TAMU students are expected to come prepared with three questions for their ITAM counterparts.

If a student is going to absent from class, he/she is expected to notify the Instructor by e-mail in advance of the class so that the class can start on time.
 

2. Group Assignments................................ 40%

The general procedure for handing in each of the group assignments is as follows (note that late assignments will lose points at the rate of 10% of the grade per day late):

• Each group must submit two copies of the assignment to the instructor no later than the Monday prior to the class where the assignment is to be discussed.
• Each group is also responsible for putting its briefing note on the course website. The assignment must be converted into HTML format (check the format in Netscape or Internet Explorer prior to submission) and submitted to the webmaster preferably three days prior to class but no later than 9 a.m. on the Monday prior to the date the class meets. The webmaster will post the assignments on NAFTAWEB no later than Monday afternoon.
• Students must download copies of the assignments from the course website and come to class with three prepared questions for each of the other assignments. These questions will form the basis of the class discussion of each topic.
• Each group will have two weeks to revise their assignment and submit a final printed version (two copies) to the instructor and an HTML version to the webmaster for posting on NAFTAWEB. The instructor will grade the assignment and return one copy to each group. In the case of Assignment #2 where bilateral teams are created, each local team will be graded by its local instructor.

Assignment #1: NAFTA Briefing Note (15 points)

• Submission date for first draft: Monday, Feb. 1 (to webmaster & instructor)
• Class discussion of assignment: Wednesday, Feb. 3
• Submission date for final version: Wednesday, Feb. 17

Each team of students will select a chapter in the NAFTA text. This could be either the whole chapter or part of a chapter or one of the side agreements. The instructor must approve the choice of topic for each group; duplication will be avoided where possible with other groups. Each group will prepare a short overview paper (no more than 6 to 8 single pages, excluding bibliography). The NAFTA briefing note should be organized around the following categories:

• Background on the political economy of the negotiation of the chapter (i.e., a brief report on who in each country was for, against, various components of the chapter)
• Summary of key points in NAFTA related to this chapter
• Short analysis of the expected effects of the chapter (short analysis of economic and political impacts, including potential winner and losers) at the national level
• Bibliography of key readings (including web sites) on the chapter. These are to include academic readings (books and academic journals) as well as WWW materials.

• Submission date for first draft: Monday, March 8 (to webmaster & instructor)
• Class discussion of assignment: Wednesday, March 10.
• Submission date for final version: Wednesday, March 24

Students will complete this assignment in parallel; that is, the TAMU students will focus on the impact of NAFTA on the US industry while the ITAM students focus on the impact on the Mexican industry. Students within the group are encouraged to share materials and to organize their papers in tandem; however, there is no requirement that the two reports be merged into one project.

Each group will prepare a short briefing note (6 to 8 single spaced pages excluding bibliography) on how the industry has been affected by NAFTA. Groups are expected to do a sector different from that covered in assignment #1; the auto industry and industry studies already posted on NAFTA are also excluded. Professors will endeavour to prevent duplication of industries across groups.

The paper should be organized under the following categories:

• Brief description of the industry (size % growth rate of the industry; main products; who are the largest firms and where are they located in North America; relative importance of Canada, the US and Mexico in this industry; role played by multinational enterprises; who are the main suppliers and buyers of this industry's products).
• Opportunities and threats posed by the NAFTA for this industry.
• Industry positions during the NAFTA debate in each country (for/against; what wanted).
• Impacts of NAFTA on the industry in each country (data on trade, investment, key impacts). This will include examples of Individual firm strategic responses to the NAFTA.
• Bibliography of key readings (including web sites) on this industry. These are to include academic readings (books and academic journals) as well as WWW materials.

3. Regional Integration Issues Briefing Note & Binder................................................. 35%

• Decision date for topic: Wednesday, March 24, 1999
• Due date for draft versions of briefing note: Monday, April 26, 9:00 a.m.
• Presentation of briefing notes: Wednesday, April 28
• Due date for final versions of briefing note & binder: Wednesday, May 5.

Over the semester, the student will collect materials related to this topic, drawing from newspaper, magazine and WWW materials, along with scholarly journal articles and books. These (excepting books and journal articles) will be placed in an Issues Binder, organized by topic, with a Table of Contents at the front.

The Briefing Note should be approximately 8-10 pages singe spaced, typed, together with any tables, figures and a bibliography. Two copies must be submitted to the instructor on or before Monday, April 26. An HTML version of the Briefing Note must be given to the webmaster at the same time. The webmaster will place the Briefing Notes on NAFTAWEB. Each student will prepare a one-page summary of his/her Note for presentation in class on April 28. The class will run from 6:00-10:00 that evening. Based on comments from the instructor and the class members, students will revise their draft Notes.

The final Briefing Note (two printed copies and one HTML version), along with the Issues Binder, is to be submitted to the instructor on Wednesday, May 5. Late assignments will lose points at the rate of 10% per day.

Grading of this project:

Selection of topic on March 24 ........................ (satisfactory/unsatisfactory)

Submission of first draft (2 printed copies & HTML) on April 26....................... 10%

Oral presentation on April 28 (with 1 page summary) ...............................(satisfactory/unsatisfactory)

Submission of final version (2 printed copies & HTML) on May 5..................... 15%

Submission of Issues Binder on May 5......................... 10%
 

4. Final Examination............................ 5

All graduate courses in the Mays College at Texas A&M University are required to have a final examination. The scheduled time for this examination is Friday, May 7 from 8:30-9:30 a.m. This will be a take-home exam, with the exam question(s) distributed in class on April 28.
 

WRITING STYLE

Note that all written work will be graded, not only for content, but also for grammar, writing style, organization and presentation of material. It is strongly recommended that you use the Spell Check and Grammatical programs in your word processing package to ensure that your papers are free of stylistic problems.
 

COPYRIGHT ISSUES AND SCHOLASTIC DISHONESTY/PLAGIARISM

All handouts in this course are copyrighted, including all materials posted on the website for this course. By handouts , I mean all materials generated for this class, which include but are not limited to the syllabus, class notes, quizzes, exams, lab problems, in-class materials, review sheets, and additional problem sets. Because these materials are copyrighted, you do not have the right to copy the handouts, unless I expressly grant permission.
 

As commonly defined, academic dishonesty/plagiarism consists of passing off as one's own ideas, words, writings, etc., which belong to another. In accordance with this definition, you are committing plagiarism if you copy the work of another person and turn it in as your own, even if you have the permission of the person. Plagiarism is one of the worst academic sins, for the plagiarist destroys the trust among colleagues without which research cannot be safely communicated. Scholastic dishonesty (including cheating and plagiarism) will not be tolerated. The full consequences of scholastic dishonesty will be pursued consistent with University policy. If you have any questions, please consult the latest issue of the Texas A&M University Student Rules, under the section "Scholastic Dishonesty". Be especially careful with your assignments and briefing notes since scholastic dishonesty in connection with a major assignment will not be tolerated.
 

ADA POLICY STATEMENT

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal anti-discrimination statute that provides comprehensive civil rights protection for persons with disabilities. Among other things, this legislation requires that all students with disabilities be guaranteed a learning environment that provides for reasonable accommodation of their disabilities. If you believe you have a disability requiring accommodation, please contact the Office of Support Services for Students with Disabilities in Room 126 of the Student Services Building; phone 845-1637.

BUSH/IBUS/MGMT 665: REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE AMERICAS TAMU & ITAM CLASS SCHEDULES, JANUARY - MAY 1999 

Date	TAMU Schedule		ITAM Schedule		Joint?
Jan 13	X	X	1	Introduction	X
Jan 20	1	Introduction  Regionalism vs. Multilateralism	2	Regionalism vs. Multilateralism	X
Jan 27	2	Why NAFTA? The Political Economy of the Negotiations	3	Why NAFTA? The Political Economy of the Negotiations	YES
Feb 3	3	A Walk through the NAFTA: Assignment #1	4	A Walk through the NAFTA: Assignment #1	X
Feb 10	4	The Side Agreements on Labor & the Environment	5	The Side Agreements on Labor & the Environment	YES
Feb 17	5	MNEs, FDI & NAFTA	6	MNEs, FDI & NAFTA	X
Feb 24	6	Economic Impacts of NAFTA	7	Economic Impacts of NAFTA	X
Mar 3	7	Industry Impacts: NAFTA & the Auto Industry	8	Industry Impacts: NAFTA & the Auto Industry	YES
Mar 10	8	Other Industry Impacts: Assignment #2	9	Other Industry Impacts: Assignment #2	YES
Mar 17	X	SPRING BREAK WEEK	10	NAFTA Dispute Settlement	X
Mar 24	9	Current US-Mexico Bilateral & Border Issues	11	Current US-Mexico Bilateral & Border Issues	YES
Mar 31	10	NAFTA Dispute Settlement	X	SPRING BREAK WEEK	X
Apr 7	11	Other Regions #1:The European Union	12	MBA students: FINAL EXAM  BIR students: Other Regions #1: The European Union	X
Apr 14	12	Other Regions #2: MERCOSUR	13	Other Regions #2: MERCOSUR	X
Apr 21	13	Broadening NAFTA: The FTAA Process	14	Broadening NAFTA: The FTAA Process	YES
Apr 23 & 24	X	CIBS Workshop on "Canada-US Bilateral Relationship in the Age of NAFTA" [students encouraged to attend]	X	X	X
Apr 28	14	NAFTA Issues Briefing Note Presentations [class 6-10 p.m.]	15	Student Paper Presentations	X
May 5	X	X	16	Student Paper Presentations	X
May 7	X	FINAL EXAM	X	X	X

TENTATIVE READING LIST BY TOPIC AND BY WEEK

NOTE: The required readings are starred; all students must do the required readings prior to the class. Normally, there are four required readings per week. In addition, Instructor's Notes will be posted on NAFTAWEB. Students are responsible for downloading and reading these notes prior to class. Note that required readings may be replaced/dropped as the course progresses if newer materials become available. Additional readings are listed for each week (these are unstarred) for students who have a particular interest in that subject and wish to read more deeply.
 

This class introduces the subject material for this course. In the second half of the class, we begin to compare the processes of regionalism (e.g., NAFTA, European Union, MERCOSUR) with those of multilateralism (e.g., the GATT and the World Trade Organization).

** Jaime Serra et al. 1997. Reflections on Regionalism: Report of the Study Group on International Trade. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Pages 1-38.

** Shiells, Clinton, 1995. "Regional Trade Blocs: Trade Creating or Diverting?" Finance and Development, March, pp. 30-32.

** Stephen Kobrin. 1995. Regional integration in a globally networked economy. Transnational Corporations vol. 4, no. 2 (August): 15-33.

** Bhagwati, Jagdish. 1992. "Regionalism versus Multilateralism," World Economy 15,5, September, pp. 535-55.

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Hart, Michael. 1997. "Doing the Right Thing: Regional Integration and the Multilateral Trade Regime," mimeo.

De Melo, Jaime and Arvind Panagariya (editors). 1996. New Dimensions in Regional Integration. Cambridge University Press.

Carlos Primo Braga. 1996. Comments on the proliferation of regional integration arrangements. (Symposium: Free Trade Areas: The Challenge and Promise of Fair vs. Free Trade). Law and Policy in International Business, Summer 1996 v27 n4 p963-968.

Pomfret, Richard. 1996. Blocs: the Threat to the System and Asian Reaction. In Bijit Bora and Christopher Findlay, eds. Regional Integration and the Asia-Pacific. Oxford University Press, pp. 13-24.

Naon, Horacio A. Grigera. 1996. Sovereignty and regionalism.(Symposium: Free Trade Areas: The Challenge and Promise of Fair vs. Free Trade) Law and Policy in International Business, Summer 1996 v27 n4 p1073-1180.

Frederick M. Abbott. 1995. Law and Policy of Regional Integration: The NAFTA and Western Hemispheric Integration in the World Trade Organization System. Cambridge, MA: Kluwer Law International. Chapter 3, "Regional Integration Arrangements in the WTO Framework" (pp. 35-60) and the Appendix containing the GATT sections with respect to customs unions (pp. 189-201).

Hoekman, Bernard and Michael Kostecki, 1995. The Political Economy of the World Trading System. Oxford University Press, Ch. 9 (Regional Integration), pp. 213-32.

Gibb, Richard, 1994. "Regionalism in the world economy," in Richard Gibb and Wieslaw Michalak, eds., Continental Trading Blocs. Chichester: John Wiley &Sons, pp. 11-35.

Krueger, Anne. 1993. The Effects of Regional Trading Blocs on World Trade. In Cushing, Robert et al., editors. The Challenge of NAFTA: North America, Australia, New Zealand and the World Trade Regime. Austin: LBJ School, University of Texas. Pages 21-32.

Morici, Peter. 1993. NAFTA, the GATT and US Relations with Major Trading Partners. In Cushing, Robert et al., editors. The Challenge of NAFTA: North America, Australia, New Zealand and the World Trade Regime. Austin: LBJ School, University of Texas. Pp. 75-102.

Wonnacott, Ronald. 1990. US Hub-and-Spoke Bilaterals and the Multilateral Trading System. CD Howe Commentary No. 23 (October), pp. 1-24.
 

This class deals with North American integration from an international political economy (IPE) perspective, focusing on the motivations behind the regional integration process in North America.

** Mayer, Frederick W. 1998. Interpreting NAFTA: The Science and Art of Political Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press. The whole book is relevant, but especially Chapter 3, "Why a NAFTA?", pp. 31-66.

** Henrikson, Alan K., 1995. "The U.S. 'North American' Trade Concept: Continentalist, Hemispherist or Globalist?" in Donald Barry et al, Toward A North American Community: Canada, the United States and Mexico. Boulder CO: Westview Press, pp. 155-84.

** Orme, William A. Jr. 1993. "Myths versus Facts: The Whole Truth about the Half-Truths," Foreign Affairs Vol 72, No 5 (Nov/Dec), pp. 2-12.

** Krugman, Paul. 1993. "The Uncomfortable Truth about NAFTA: It's Foreign Policy, Stupid," Foreign Affairs Vol 72, No 5 (Nov/Dec), pp. 13-19.

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Cameron, Maxwell and Brian Tomlin. Forthcoming. South of the Border: Negotiating North American Free Trade, Ch. 6 ("The Dallas Jamboree"). Mimeo.

Jeffrey McKelvey Ayres. January 1999. Defying Conventional Wisdom: Political Movements and Popular Contention Against NAFTA (Studies in Comparative Political Economy). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Hermann van Bertrab. 1997. Negotiating NAFTA: A Mexian Envoy's Account. Washington: CSIS 1997, Chapter 2 pp. 36-72.

Michael Hart, et al. 1995. Decision at Midnight: Inside the Canada-US Free Trade Negotiations. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.

Pastor, Manuel and Carol Wise. 1994. "The origins and sustainability of Mexico's free trade policy." International Organization Vol.48, 3, pp. 459-89.

Winham, Gilbert R., 1994. "NAFTA and the trade policy revolution of the 1980s: a Canadian perspective," International Journal, XIX, 3, pp. 472-508.

Helleiner, Gerald. 1993. "Considering US-Mexico Free Trade," In Grinspun, Ricardo and Maxwell A. Cameron, eds. The Political Economy of North American Free Trade. New York and Montreal: St. Martin's Press and McGill-Queen's, pp. 45-60.

Deblock, Christian and Michele Rioux. 1993. "NAFTA: The Trump Card of the United States?" Studies in Political Economy No. 41 (Summer), pp. 7-43.

Bruce Doern and Brian Tomlin. 1992. Faith and Fear: The Free Trade Story. Toronto: Stoddart Publishers.
 

This class provides a general overview of the text of the NAFTA agreement and its side accords. Assignment #1 is due. Students will present and discuss the group projects.

** The text of the NATA agreement & side accords.

**  Maxfield, Sylvia and Adam Shapiro. 1998. Assessing the NAFTA negotiations: US-Mexican Debate and Compromise on Tariff and Nontariff Issues. In Carol Wise, editor. The Post-NAFTA Political Economy, pages 82-119.

** Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott. 1993. NAFTA: An Assessment .Washington: Institute for International Economics. Read the Appendix only.

** Hart, Michael. 1991. A North American Free Trade Agreement: The Elements Involved. The World Economy Vol 14, 2, March, pp. 87-101.

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Barry Appleton. 1994. Navigating NAFTA: A Concise User's Guide to the North American Free Trade Agreement. Toronto: Carswell Publishing.

Ralph Folsom and W. Davis Folsom. 1996. Understanding NAFTA and its International Business Implications. Matthew Bender. Reprinted in 1997. "Part Two: NAFTA: The Agreement and its Implementation", pp. 119-224. See also Chapter 4 on "The Canada-US Free Trade Agreement of 1989", pp. 79-118.

Leslie Alan Glick. 1994. Understanding the North American Free Trade Agreement. Cambridge, MA: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.

Jon Johnson. 1994. The North American Free Trade Agreement: A Comprehensive Guide. Toronto: Carswell Book Inc.

Richard Lipsey, Daniel Schwanen and Ronald Wonnacott. 1994. The NAFTA: What's In, What's Out, What's Next? Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute.

This class focuses on NAFTA and social issues, the role played by labour in the NAFTA negotiations, the NAFTA side agreement on labour standards, and the new institution, the Commission for Labour Cooperation, that has been established to monitor compliance with the labour accord.

** Mayer, Frederick W. 1998. Interpreting NAFTA: The Science and Art of Political Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press. Chapter 6, "Making Side Issues Central: The Labor and Environmental Negotiations", pp. 165-216.

** Shuler, Douglas. 1996. The NAFTA and the Environment: Trade, Diplomacy and Limited Protection. The International Trade Journal Vol.10, No.3 (Fall): 353-77.

** Conybeare, John and Mark Zinkula. 1996. Who Voted Against the NAFTA? Trade Unions Versus Free Trade. World Economy Vol.19, No.1 (January), pp. 1-12.

** Bierman, Leonard and Rafael Gely. 1995. The North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation: A New Frontier in North American Labor Relations. Connecticut Journal of International Law Vol. 10, No. 2 (Spring), pp. 533-69.

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Rugman, Alan, John Kirton and Julie Soloway. 1997. NAFTA, Environmental Regulations and Canadian Competitiveness. Journal of World Trade. Vol 31, no. 4: 129-44.

Johnson, Pierre Marc and Andre Beaulieu, 1996. The Environment and NAFTA: Understanding and Implementing Continental Law. Washington, D.C. and Peterborough, Ontario: Island Press/Broadview. Chapter 3 ("NAFTA and the Ability of Governments to Legislate in Favor of the Environment).

Orme, William. 1996. Understanding NAFTA. Austin: University of Texas. Chapter 5, "Jobs, Jobs, Jobs: The NAFTA Numbers Game".

Mayer, Frederick. 1994. "The NAFTA, Multinationals and Social Policy," in Lorraine Eden, ed., Multinationals in North America. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, pp. 509-24.

Sanchez, Roberto A. 1994. "NAFTA and the Environment" in Victor Bulmer-Thomas et al., Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement: Who Will Benefit? New York: St Martin's Press, pp. 95-117.

C. Ford Runge. 1994. Freer Trade, Protected Environment. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, Pages 53-70.

Watson, William. 1993. "Environmental and Labor Standards in the NAFTA." C.D. Howe Institute Commentary No. 52. September.

This week's readings focus on (1) the role of multinationals, particularly US multinationals, in integrating the North American economy, (2) the investment chapter in NAFTA, and (3) the reactions of multinationals to regional integration in North America.

** Hanson, Gordon. 1998. North American economic integration and industrial location. Oxford Review of Economic Policy Summer. Vol 14, No.2: 30-45.

** Mansfield, Edward D. and Helen V. Milner (editors). 1997. The Political Economy of Regionalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Chapter by Helen Milner on "Industries, Governments and Regional Trade Blocs", pp. 77-106.

** Vernon, Raymond. 1994. Multinationals and Governments: Key Actors in the NAFTA. In Eden, Lorraine, ed. Multinationals in North America. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, pp. 25-52.

** Gestrin, Michael and Alan Rugman, 1994. "The North American Free Trade Agreement and foreign direct investment, " Transnational Corporations Vol. 3,1, February, pp.77-95.

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Eden, Lorraine. 1996. The North American Investment Regime. Transnational Corporations. Vol. 5, 3, December, pp. 61-98.

Nichols, Ernest and John Taylor. 1995. Sourcing implications of the North American Free Trade Agreement. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management Spring, vol. 31, No.2: 26-37.

Calderon, Alvaro, Michael Mortimore and Wilson Peres. 1995. Mexico's Incorporation into the New Industrial Order: Foreign Investment as a Source of International Competitiveness. Desarrollo Productivo, No. 21. Santiago, Chile: United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 41 pp.

Eden, Lorraine (editor). 1994. Multinationals in North America Calgary: Industry Canada Research Series, Vol. 3. University of Calgary Press.

Alan Rugman and Michael Gestrin. 1993. The Strategic Response of MultinatIonal Enterprises to NAFTA. Columbia Journal of World Business. Vol 28, No. 4 (Winter): 318-29.

John Taylor and David Closs. 1992. Logistics Implications of an Integrated US-Canada Market. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. Vol 23, No 1: 3-13.
 

This week is a review of some of the empirical work that has been done on the impacts of NAFTA on Canada, US and Mexico.

** Weintraub, Sidney. 1997. NAFTA at Three: A Progress Report. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. Chapters 1-3, pp. 1-52.

** US International Trade Commission. July 1997. The Impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the U.S. Economy and Industries: A Three Year Review. Washington. Chapters 3 and 4 (The North American Economies and Effects of NAFTA on US Industry Performance: Trade, Labor and Productivity).

** Schwanen, Daniel. 1997. "Trading Up: The Impact of Increased Continental Integration on Trade, Investment and Jobs in Canada." C.D. Howe Institute Commentary. No 89. March.

** US Trade Representative. 1997. Study on the Operation and Effect of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The text can be downloaded from the OAS website at: http://www.sice.oas.org/forum/p_sector/govt/nafta_repe/nafreptc.stm. It is also available, by chapter, on the USTR website at http://www.ustr.gov/reports.

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Parr Rosson. 1998. Preferential Trading Arrangements: Gainers and Losers from Regional Trading Blocs. Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Leaflet No. 8. Eight pages.

Available at http://www.ipt.com/intlagmktg/mktinfo/leaflet8.htm

Hufbauer, Gary and Jacqueline McFadyen. 1997. Judging NAFTA. Canada-US Law Journal, Vol. 23: 11-45.

Jane Sneddon Little. 1996. US regional trade with Canada during the transition to free trade. New England Economic Review. Jan-Feb, pp. 3-22.

Lipsey, Richard, Daniel Schwanen and Ronald Wonnacott. 1994. The NAFTA: What's In, What's Out, What's Next. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. Ch. 2: Canada's Trade Policy Agenda (pp. 17-25), Ch. 9: Did Canada Achieve Its Negotiating Objectives? (pp. 137-46) and Ch. 10: The Impact of the NAFTA on Canada's Economy (pp. 147-57).

Ros, Jaime, 1994. "Mexico and NAFTA: Economic Effects and the Bargaining Process," in Victor Bulmer-Thomas et al., Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement: Who Will Benefit? New York: St Martin's Press, pp. 11-28.

NAFTA and the North American auto industry, looking at the industry's role in the NAFTA negotiations, the opportunities and threats posed by NAFTA for the industry, how the industry and individual firms have adjusted to the NAFTA, and recent statistics on North American auto trade.
 

** US Trade Representative. 1998. Impact of the NAFTA on US Automotive Exports to Mexico; Fourth Annual Report to Congress (July). Prepared by the US Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. Available at http://www.ustr.gov/reports/

** USITC. July 1997. The Impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the U.S. Economy and Industries: A Three Year Review. Washington. Ch.6, pp. 6-47 to 6-60 (Motor vehicles; Motor Vehicle parts).

** Eden, Lorraine and Maureen Appel Molot. 1993. "Insiders and outsiders: defining 'who is us' in the North American automobile industry." Transnational Corporations Vol. 2,3, December, pp. 31-64.

** Johnson, Jon. 1993. NAFTA and the Trade in Automotive Goods. In Globerman, Steven and Michael Walker (eds) Assessing NAFTA: A Trinational Analysis. Vancouver, BC: The Fraser Institute, pp. 87-129.

** Studer, Isabel, 1994. "The Impact of NAFTA on the Mexican Auto Industry," North American Outlook (NAFTA's Impact on the North American Automobile Industry) Vol. 5,1, November, pp. 20-55.

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Sidney Weintraub and Christopher Sands (editors). 1998. The North American Auto Industry Under NAFTA (Significant Issues Vol. 20, No.5). Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. November (If the book becomes available in time for the class, selected pages will replace other readings listed for this week.)

Studer, Isabel, 1998. "El sector automotriz", en Beatriz Leycegui, Rafael Fernández de Castro y José Antonio Cerro, Los efectos del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte en la economía mexicana, 1993-1998, México, FCE, por publicarse (mimeo).

Eden, Lorraine and M.A. Molot. 1996. Made in America? The US Auto Industry, 1955-95. The International Executive 38(4) July/August: 501-41.

Molot, Maureen Appel. Ed. 1993. Driving Continentally: National Policies and the North American Auto Industry. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.

Eden, Lorraine and Maureen Appel Molot. 1993. The NAFTA's Automotive Provisions: The Next Stage of Managed Trade. C.D. Howe Commentary No. 53. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute. 24pp.

US Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). 1992. US-Mexico Trade: Pulling Together or Pulling Apart? ITE-545. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Ch.7: Autos and Auto Parts, 133-50.

Assignment #2 is due. Presentation and class discussion of Group Projects on the impacts of NAFTA on individual industries in North America.
 

This week's readings look at bilateral US-Mexico issues under the NAFTA, providing a brief history of the US-Mexico economic relationship, changes in Mexico post-NAFTA, impacts of NAFTA on the Mexican maquiladoras, and the Texas-Mexico border region.

** Castaneda, Jorge. 1995. The Mexican Shock: Its Meaning for the US. New York: The New Press. Ch. 2: The Mexican Difference (pp.31-46), Ch. 3: Can NAFTA Change Mexico? The Risk of Free Trade (pp. 47-61) , Ch. 10: The December Debacle (pp. 177-207) and Epilogue (pp.241-254).

** Pastor, Manuel and Carol Wise. 1994. "The origins and sustainability of Mexico's free trade policy." International Organization Vol.48, 3, pp. 459-89.

** Andreas, Peter. 1998. The Paradox of Integration. In Wise, Carol. (Ed.) 1998. The Post-NAFTA Political Economy. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Pp. 201-20.

** Pastor, Robert and Jorge Castenada. 1989. Limits to Friendship: The United States and Mexico. New York: Vintage Books. Ch.5, "Sliding Toward Economic Integration: The US Perspective (Pastor), the Mexican perspective (Castenada), pp. 195-241.

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Kathleen A. Staudt. June 1998. Free Trade : Informal Economies at the U.S.-Mexican Border Temple University Press. [selected pages to follow]

Carol Wise (editor). October 1998. The Post-NAFTA Political Economy: Mexico and the Western Hemisphere. Pennsylvania State University. [selected pages to follow if book is available in time for class]

Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. 1996. Texas-Mexico Trade After NAFTA. Issue 5 (Sept-Oct). 11 pages.

Hanson, Gordon. 1996. Economic integration, intraindustry trade, and frontier regions. European Economic Review Vol. 40: 941-949.

Grinspun, Ricardo and Maxwell Cameron. 1996. NAFTA and the Political Economy of Mexico's External Relations. Latin American Research Review 31.3: 161-88.

Ros, Jaime. 1994. "Mexico and NAFTA: economic effects and the bargaining process," in Victor Bulmer-Thomas et al., Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement: Who Will Benefit? (New York: St. Martin's Press 1994), pp. 11-28.

Krugman, Paul and Gordon Hanson. 1993. Mexico-US Free Trade and the Location of Production. In Peter Garber (ed.), The Mexico-US Free Trade Agreement. Cambridge: MIT Press. 163-86.

Helleiner, Gerald. 1993. Considering US-Mexico Free Trade. In Grinspun, Ricardo and Maxwell A. Cameron, eds. The Political Economy of North American Free Trade. New York and Montreal: St. Martin's Press and McGill-Queen's. Pp. 45-60.

US Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). 1992. US-Mexico Trade: Pulling Together or Pulling Apart? ITE-545. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. October. Ch. 6: The Border: A Boundary, Not A Barrier", pp. 115-30.

Dispute settlement mechanisms are of three types: (1) trade remedy laws (e.g. countervailing and antidumping duties); (2) general dispute settlement mechanisms, and (3) settlement of investment disputes. We discuss the use of DSMs in regional integration schemes, focussing on NAFTA.

** Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough. 1997. Dispute Settlement in International Trade: Regionalism and Procedural Coordination. In Mansfield, Edward D. and Helen V. Milner (editors). The Political Economy of Regionalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Pages 134-63.

** Smith, Murray. 1997. The Evolution of Trade Remedies in NAFTA. In Hart, Michael. (Ed.). 1997. Finding Middle Ground: Reforming the Antidumping Laws in North America.. Ottawa, Ontario: Centre for Trade Policy and Law. Pp. 19-85.

** Cherie O'Neal Taylor. 1996/97. Dispute Resolution as a Catalyst for Economic Integration and an Agent for Deepening Integration: NAFTA and MERCOSUR? Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business Vol 17, No 2/3: pages 850-899.

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Gabrielle Marceau. 1997? NAFTA and WTO Dispute Settlement Rules: A Thematic Comparison. Journal of World Trade. Pages 26-81.

Robson, William et al. 1995. What Is the Fight About? An Overview of Trade Disputes in North America. In Beatrice Leycegui, William Robson and S. Dahlia Stein, eds. Trading Punches: Trade Remedy Law and Disputes Under NAFTA. Washington: National Planning Association, pp. 1-23.

Alan Rugman and Andrew Anderson. 1997. NAFTA and the dispute settlement mechanisms: a transaction costs approach. World Economy, Nov 1997 v20 n7: 935-51.

Morici, Peter. 1996. Resolving the North American Subsidies War. Canadian-American Public Policy No.27 (September): 1-34.

Alvarez, Guillermo Aguilar et al. 1995. NAFTA Chapter 19: Binational Panel Review of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Determinations. In Beatrice Leycegui, William Robson and S. Dahlia Stein, eds. Trading Punches: Trade Remedy Law and Disputes Under NAFTA. Washington: National Planning Association, pp. 24-42.

Anderson, Andrew. 1995. Seeking Common Ground: Canada-U.S. Trade Dispute Settlement Policies in the Nineties (Boulder: Westview Press).

Winham, Gilbert. 1993. Dispute Settlement in NAFTA and the FTA. In Steven Globerman and Michael Walker, eds., Assessing NAFTA: A Trinational Analysis (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute), pp. 251-70.

Metroploulos, Demetrios G. 1994. Constitutional Dimensions of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Cornell International Law Journal Vol 27: 141-72.

Huntington, David S. 1993. Settling Disputes under the North American Free Trade Agreement. Harvard International Law Journal Vol. 34,2 (Spring), pp. 407-43.
 

An examination of the regional integration process in the European Union, with emphasis on its similarities to, and differences from, the North American experience.

* Amy Verdun. 1998. The increased influence of EU monetary institutions in determining national policies: A transnational monetary elite at work. In Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, edited by Bob Reinalda and Bertjan Verbeek. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 178-94.

** John Dunning. 1997. The European Internal Market Programme and Inbound Foreign Direct Investment: Part II. Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol 35, No 2 (June): 189-223.

** Ali M. El-Agraa. 1996. "The European Union", in Ali M. El-Agraa, Economic Integration Worldwide, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 97-134

** Ulricch Hiemenz. 1996. "European Economic Integration", in OECD, Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, Paris: OECD, pp. 71-85.

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John Dunning. 1997. The European Internal Market Programme and Inbound Foreign Direct Investment: Part I. Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol 35, no 1 (March): 1-30.

Pier Carlo Padoan. 1997. Regional Agreements as Clubs: the European Case. In Mansfield, Edward D. and Helen V. Milner (editors). The Political Economy of Regionalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Pages 106-33.

Henrekson, Magnus; Torstensson, Johan; Torstensson, Rasha. 1997. Growth effects of European integration. European Economic Review (August) v41 n8 p1537-58.

Charles Kupchan. 1997. Regionalizing Europe's Security: The Case for a new Mitteleuropa. Mansfield, Edward D. and Helen V. Milner (editors). The Political Economy of Regionalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Pages 209-38.

Frederick M. Abbott. 1995. Law and Policy of Regional Integration: The NAFTA and Western Hemispheric Integration in the World Trade Organization System. Cambridge, MA: Kluwer Law International. Chapter 7, "The NAFTA and the European Union", pp. 119-37.

Evan Potter. 1995. The Impact of European Economic Integration on North America: Adjustment Versus Radical Change. In Barry, et al.

Andre Sapir. 1990. Does 1992 come before or after 1990? On Regional versus Multilateral Integration. In The Political Economy of International Trade, edited by Ronald Jones and Anne Krueger. Oxford & Cambridge: Blackwell, pp.197-222.

An examination of the regional integration process in MERCOSUR, with emphasis on its similarities to, and differences from, NAFTA.

** Bouzas, Roberto. 1997. Mercosur and Preferential Trade Liberalization in South America: Record, Issues and Prospects. In Richard Lipsey and
Patricio Meller eds., Western Hemisphere Trade Integration: A Canadian-Latin American Dialogue. New York: St. Martins Press, p58-89.

** Nogueira, Uziel. 1998. Consolidation of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) and Co-ordinated domestic reform. In Regulatory Reform inthe Global Economy: Asian and Latin American Perspectives. Paris: OECD Proceedings, p110-117.

** Maria Cecilia Coutinho de Arruda and Masaaki Kotabe. 1996. Mercosur and Beyond: The Imminent Emergence of the South American
Markets. Austin: CIBER, p8-42.

** Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Argentine Republic. 1998. Mercosur 2000: Economic Growth and New Investment Opportunities. Buenos Aires: CEI.

** Victor Bulmer-Thomas. 1996. "Regional Integration in Latin America since 1985: Open Regionalism and Globalisation", in Ali M. El-Agraa, Economic Integration Worldwide, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 253-277.

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Riordan Roett (editor). December 1998. Mercosur : Regional Integration, World Markets. Lynne Rienner Publishers. [pages to follow]

Peter Coffey (editor). May 1998. Latin America--Mercosur (International Handbooks on Economic Integration, V. 1). Kluwer

Hugo Herrera Vegas. 1996. "The Importance of Mercosur", in OECD, Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, Paris: OECD, pp. 113-121. Academic Publishers. [pages to follow]

Carlos Primo Braga and Julio J. Nogues. 1996. "Regional Integration in Latin America", OECD, Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, Paris: OECD, pp. 123-142

Kotabe, Masaaki. 1996. MERCOSUR and Beyond: The Imminent Emergence of the South American Markets. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin.

Saborio, Sylvia et al. (Editors). 1992. The Premise and the Promise: Free Trade in the Americas. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transactions Publishers.

This week focuses on alternatives for broadening NAFTA including admitting Chile into the NAFTA, and the possibilities of a NAFTA-MERCOSUR link through the Free Trade of the Americas initiative, along with an update on the FTAA process.

** W. Ladd Hollist and Daniel L. Neilson. 1998. Taking Stock of Inter-American Bonds: Approaches to Explaining Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere. .Mershon International Studies Review Vol. 42, Supplement #2 (November): 257-81.

** Raul Hinojosa-Ojeda. 1996. "NAFTA's Next Steps: Hemispheric and Global Implications", OECD, Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, Paris: OECD, 1996, pp.87-102.

** Javier Corrales and Richard E. Feinberg. 1999. Regimes of Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere: Power, Interests, and Intellectual Traditions. International Studies Quarterly. March 1999 v43 n1 p1-36.

** Weintraub, Sidney, 1994. NAFTA: What Comes Next? Westport CT: Praeger, Chap. 5 ("The Widening of NAFTA"), pp. 56-105.

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Carol Wise (editor). October 1998. The Post-NAFTA Political Economy: Mexico and the Western Hemisphere. Pennsylvania State University.

Richard G. Lipsey and Patricio Meller (editors). 1997. Western Hemisphere Trade Integration: A Canadian-Latin American Dialogue. International Political Economy Series. New York: St. Martins Press. Pages to be announced.

Raul Laban and Patricio Meller. 1997." Trade Strategy Alternatives for a Small Country: The Chilean Case," in Richard Lipsey and Patricio Meller, eds., Western Hemisphere Trade Integration: A Canadian-Latin American Dialogue. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp.110-35.

Sam Laird. 1996. Fostering Regional Integration, in OECD, Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, Paris: OECD, 1996, pp. 169-191.

William Orme, Jr. 1996. Understanding NAFTA: Mexico, Free Trade and the New North America. Austin: University of Texas Press. Ch. 12, "Toward a Common Market: The New North America", pp. 288-320.

Bernal, Richard L. 1996. Regional trade arrangements and the establishment of a free trade area of the Americas. (Symposium: Free Trade Areas: The Challenge and Promise of Fair vs. Free Trade) Law and Policy in International Business, Summer 1996 v27 n4 p945-962.

Valdes, Alberto. 1995. Joining an existing regional trade agreement from the perspective of a small open economy: Chile's accession to NAFTA and MERCOSUR. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Dec 1995 v77 n5 p1292(6)

Keith Christie, 1995. "The Four Amigos and Beyond: Towards the Free Trade Area of the Americas," Department of External Affairs and International Trade Policy Staff Paper 95/10.

Bailey, Glen, 1995. "Canadian Diplomacy as Advocacy: The Case of Chile and the NAFTA," Canadian Foreign Policy Vol 3,3, Winter, pp. 97-112.

Cameron, Maxwell and Brian Tomlin. 1995. Canada and Latin America in the Shadow of US Power: Toward an Expanding Hemispheric Agreement? In Donald Barry et al, Toward A North American Community: Canada, the United States and Mexico (Boulder CO: Westview Press 1995), 129-54.

Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott. 1994. Western Hemispheric Economic Integration. Washington: Institute for International Economics.

R Braga, C.A. Primo; Safadi, Raed; Yeats, Alexander. 1994. Regional integration in the Americas: deja vu all over again? World Economy, July 1994 v17 n4 p577(25).

Gestrin, Michael and Alan Rugman, 1994. "Economic regionalism in Latin America," International Journal Vol. XLIX,3, Summer , pp. 568-87.

Sidney Weintraub (editor). 1994. Integrating the Americas : Shaping Future Trade Policy. University of Miami, North South Center Printing.